On Saturday 6/22 the regular foursome sat down with Eva Brann, Dylan’s colleague at St. John’s in Anapolis, to talk with her about her book The Logos of Heraclitus.
Heraclitus (who was active around 500 BCE) is the “Pre-Socratic” philosopher with probably the most influence today and together with Parmenides (it’s not clear which of the two lived first or whether they read each other) is considered the inventor of Western metaphysics. His book, if he even wrote a full book, did not survive antiquity, but he was quoted extensively by other authors, though in some cases (we think) erroneously. In particular, the characterization of him as a philosopher who posited that existence is pure flux (Plato’s characterization of him) seems to be bogus.
Eva’s emphasis in the book is on the Greek term “logos”–in Latin “ratio”–which has such a rich variety of meanings that she thinks we should really stop trying to translate it and just add “logos” to our lexicon. It’s about knowledge, being at the root of all the “-ology” words we have, and rationality, but not just in someone’s mind, but in nature itself. To Heraclitus, “listening to the logos” is about trying to suss out the underlying logic in nature, and he was (probably) the first one to try to figure out not just what the underlying element of nature is (as did his proto-physicist predecessors), but what the underlying principle of it is, and he asked the question whether this lawlike appearance of nature is something immanent within nature itself or imposed transcendentally from without. His answer, strangely to our ears, is both. Fragment 32 states: “The wise is one only. It is unwilling and willing to be called by the name of Zeus.”
Several of Heraclitus’s aphorisms make use of and refer to double-meanings (in Greek, so you don’t really get this from just reading one translation). Fragment 93 says “The lord whose is the oracle at Delphoi neither utters nor hides his meaning, but shows it by a sign.” So whereas when a person says something ambiguous, you figure he means some one of the possible meanings and the ambiguity is just an epistemic matter of your having to ask him for more information, but, like the notoriously ambiguous oracle, a written sign doesn’t have intentions: it just has the multiple meanings. Heraclitus thinks that nature itself is like this. Fragment 61 famously states: “The sea is the purest and the impurest water. Fish can drink it, and it is good for them; to men it is undrinkable and destructive.” More famously, fragment 12 states, “You cannot step twice into the same rivers; for fresh waters are flowing in upon you.” In both of these cases, our modern mindset is to disambiguate the apparent paradox, and it’s true that you can’t dismiss Heraclitus as a relativist in the sense that he thinks facts will change depending on your perspective; on the contrary, you need a stable situation, a stable set of facts, in order to have two perspectives on it. But he wants us to expand our minds to hold both perspectives in mind at once, and in particular to get beyond our limited human concerns. Fragment 102 states, “To God all things are fair and good and right, but men hold some things wrong and some right.”
According to Eva, “god” and “logos” and “the common” (i.e. the logos is phenomenologically accessible to each of us; it’s objective) and, it turns out, “fire” (which does not refer just to visible fire, but to a principle of measured exchange between all elements; Eva posits that Heraclitus came up with a version of the law of conservation of matter) all end up coming down to the same thing: to this vibrant, eternally tense unity of opposing forces. The unity, the bringing together (one of the meanings of “logos”), is not just something we do as knowers, but is there in nature itself. Fragment 50 states, “It is wise to hearken, not to me, but to my Word [logos], and to confess that all things are one.” But this “one” is also an irreducible multiplicity governed by strife. Fragment 80 states, “We must know that war is common to all and strife is justice, and that all things come into being and pass away through strife.” Eva makes a big deal of the depiction of this as tension, as in the ancient Greek carving of wrestlers (above). Fragment 51 states, “Men do not know how what is at variance agrees with itself. It is an attunement of opposite tension, like that of the bow and the lyre.”
Though this may all sound a bit mystical, that’s not Eva’s take: Heraclitus is appealing to the ability that we all have (but he thinks we don’t in general use) to rationally evaluate the world around us, and thought that his logos constituted an explanation of sorts, covering everything from astronomy to politics. Eva’s book has a section devoted to Heraclitus’s influence on philosophers like Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, and how parallels can be seen even in James Madison’s account of political factions in Federalist Paper 10. He’s sometimes called the father of process philosophy. Fragment 125 states, “Even the posset separates if it is not stirred,” which is about a certain kind of salad dressing-like sort of drink that is only what it is when it’s in motion. One can generalize this to all living beings: we are what we are because we’re changing constantly. To be static is to be dead (and of course even the dead start to decompose right away). One could (and some have) generalize this further to physics, but Heraclitus certainly doesn’t go into enough detail for us to attribute that to him with certainty. It’s a creative act to tease out a whole philosophy from this set of 100some fragments, and Eva’s creativity here is impressive.
Buy Eva’s book directly from Paul Dry Books along with at least one other title, entering the coupon code PEL, and you’ll get 20% off your order and free US shipping (or discounted international shipping).
The version of the fragments we used for discussion purposes (where the fragment numbers match those in Eva’s book) can be found here. Another translation that includes the context of the other author in which the fragment occurred can be read here. Librivox offers a recording of all the fragments read aloud here, and if you want to get a jump on understanding them before our episode is released, listen to episodes 5 and 6 of the Philosophy Without Any Gaps podcast or this discussion featuring three scholars on BBC’s “In Our Time” podcast.
I’ve read about half of Eva’s book for the Not School discussion group, and I’m struck with regards to this summary that it appears that I’ve gotten the main points out of it even though I’ve not finished.
But aside from that, I noted a parallel between Heraclitus and “Homer” that I don’t exactly know what to do with yet, but seems significant to me. When Heraclitus makes a point about the god not saying or withholding but “signifying” (a form of SEMA in Greek), I was reminded of a major subject of analysis in Gregory Nagy’s Harvard course on the Ancient Greek Hero (now being offered online through edX). Nagy wrote a whole chapter on this weird usage of the word SEMA (sign) in the Iliad. It was apparently used as a word for tomb, and in the context of the ancient hero cults, the tomb of a hero. In the context of the Iliad however, it is presented with double meaning as a “sign” as well within a portion of the poem where one hero is instructing his son (another hero) what to watch out for during a chariot race when taking the momentous “left turn” around this marker. This was evidently adopted culturally as an important symbol for something, as there are many vase paintings portraying this left turn in the chariot race, with at least one actually labeling the tomb (tumulus) with the word SEMA. Other vase paintings portraying this event label the tumulus PATROKLOS with a little pint sized spirit of Patroklos floating above. For a culture to repeatedly highlight this event indicates to me that the SEMA (or the “left turn” action around the SEMA) held some kind of significance that could point to the phenomena of this symbol being regarded with double meaning. So when Heraclitus says that the god “SEMA-fies” rather than says explicitly, I’m thinking that this kind of context might be forefront in people’s minds. I can’t evaluate whether this is illuminative of anything, because I’m such an amateur in Ancient Greek, but I thought it worth mentioning.
“Nietzsche, I must think, is very likely the only human being to summon warm feelings toward this curmudgeonly solitary who discovered within his soul the science of nature, of a cyclically living cosmos, tautbraced by antitheses, disciplined by measure, bonded by ratio-related confronting terms, and governed both immanently and transcendently by Thinking itself–the Logos. Talk of willful misconstrual!” (p. 119, The Logos)
Beautiful writing. And I think, given the demons (inner and outer) Nietzsche was trying to master, it makes sense that he found peace in the chaosmos. However, I think it was Deleuze who fully embraced both the immanent and the transcendent (transcendental empiricism) and the true terror of the chaosmos.
Am looking forward to this podcast. Very sad to hear about “the characterization of him [Heraclitis] as a philosopher who posited that existence is pure flux (Plato’s characterization of him) seems to be bogus” 🙁
I recommend to anyone who is interested in pre-socratic philosophy to read Nietzsche’s early book called Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks. I think its a great book, providing good introduction to pre-socratic philosophy as well as Nietzsche’s view on the philosophers.There is a good part on Heraclitus for those who are interested in him.
This episode is not showing up on the citizen feed and does not contain the full episode on the main feed. Just FYI on a technical issue. Not sure if there’s a better place to put this.
Thanks Paul we’ll look into this.